Automark

Successful SME Vendors and Sub-contractor firms need to look at long-term sustainability and where they can get ideas and advice!

Introduction

Tech SME Contractors excel in their trades, but often overlook strategic elements crucial for future-proofing their businesses. This essay sheds light on how professional advice and strategic advertising serve as pivotal investments for Tech SME Contractors aiming to elevate their operations to globally recognized brands.

In the dynamic landscape of global business, Tech SME Contractors frequently focus solely on their craft, inadvertently neglecting strategic investments in professional advice and advertising. However, these investments can transform their operations into sustainable, globally recognized brands. This essay discusses why and how Tech SME Contractors should transition beyond immediate job sites to embrace a broader vision for their futures.

Leveraging Advertising for Growth

The value of advertising is often underestimated in trades that traditionally rely on word-of-mouth and personal networks. However, as Tech SME Contractors aspire to brand status, strategic advertising becomes essential for sustaining and growing their business on a larger scale.

1. Building a Recognizable Brand: Effective advertising promotes the Tech SME Contractor’s name, making it familiar within and beyond local markets. This recognition can lead to increased business opportunities and a stronger negotiating position.
2. Reaching New Markets: Through targeted advertising, including digital campaigns, Tech SME Contractors can reach potential clients in new geographical areas or sectors, dramatically expanding their market reach.

The Power of Advertising

Advertising, often underrated in word-of-mouth-driven trades, is critical for Tech SME Contractors aspiring to become notable brands. A thoughtful advertising approach can catapult a local Tech SME Contractor into international recognition and open doors to new market opportunities. Consistent advertising efforts elevate a Tech SME Contractor from a transient service provider to a respected brand, fostering new client relationships and market expansion.

1. Building Brand Awareness: Regular advertising can transform a subcontracting business from a temporary venture into a well-known brand, attracting new clients and retaining current ones.
2. Expanding Market Reach: Effective advertising strategies, including digital marketing, can reach a broader audience, potentially opening up new markets and opportunities.

Case Studies

• For instance, a plumbing Tech SME Contractor’s investment in SEO and targeted social media campaigns sparked a 50% increase in contracts, marking a significant transition from local service to a wider market player.
• Similarly, an electrical Tech SME Contractor ventured into energy consulting through strategic branding and professional development, diversifying and extending his business’s reach and profitability.

The Need For Strategic Advice

As manual prowess wanes, strategic advice becomes critical for adjusting business models to current market dynamics and adopting new technologies. Moreover, [please complete this sentence to provide additional context].

Expert Guidance: Navigating the Tech SME Contractor’s Journey

As physical prowess wanes, strategic guidance becomes invaluable for Tech SME Contractors seeking to adapt their business models to changing market demands and leverage new technologies. Let’s delve into two critical aspects:

1. Succession Planning

Professional advisors play a pivotal role in establishing a succession plan. Beyond the founder’s active years, this plan ensures the business thrives seamlessly. Here’s why it matters:

• Business Continuity: Succession planning ensures a smooth transition when original Tech SME Contractors step back. Whether due to retirement or other reasons, having a well-defined plan maintains client trust and revenue streams.
• Legacy Preservation: A robust succession plan safeguards the legacy of hard work and expertise. It ensures that the business remains resilient and continues to serve clients effectively.

2. Transforming Skills into a Global Brand

Tech SME Contractors are encouraged to step back and assess their long-term business goals. By investing in professional advice and embracing comprehensive advertising strategies, they can transform their hard-earned skills into a brand that stands the test of time and crosses borders effortlessly.

The Strategic Evolution of a Tech Contractor

The journey from Tech SME Contractor to global brand is a strategic evolution. It’s underpinned by astute professional advice and robust advertising. Here’s how it unfolds:

1. Professional Advice: Strategic advisors guide Tech SME Contractors in adjusting their business models to current market dynamics. They help integrate new technologies, ensuring sustainability and growth.
2. Advertising: Effective advertising catapults a local Tech SME Contractor into international recognition. Consistent efforts build brand awareness, attract new clients, and retain existing ones.

Crafting a Lasting Legacy

This evolution extends a Tech SME Contractor’s operational life beyond immediate projects. It crafts a legacy that resonates across borders, leaving an indelible mark on the industry.

About the Author

Imtiaz Rastgar, with over 60 years of experience in the engineering manufacturing sector, shares practical advice drawn from his extensive background. His expertise in manufacturing, sales, and service, along with his consulting work in global trade, offers invaluable insights into business growth and sustainability.

This exclusive article has been published in Automark Magazine – International, May-2024 printed edition from Pakistan.

The constant evolution of technology promises an even more connected future, and understanding your car is more than just learning about its parts and functions, it’s all about developing a deeper connection with the machine that takes you on countless adventures.

By embracing the silicon symphony and the world of resources available, you become an empowered driver, ensuring a safe, enjoyable, and long-lasting relationship with your car, on the other side the constant evolution of technology presents both challenges and opportunities. From self-driving cars to smart grids, automation is streamlining processes and optimizing resource utilization. Imagine traffic lights that adjust to real-time conditions or factories that operate with minimal human intervention, leading to increased efficiency and productivity.So, fasten your seat belts and prepare to be amazed at the rise of electronic control systems induction in the modern vehicles that are being designed and used.

Let us understand the scope of Silicon Symphony which has been getting started and is constantly evolving, with it spromise to rewrite the entire score of automotive technology, this network of electronic components is revolutionizing the way cars operate, pushing the boundaries of performance, safety, and comfort. Modern vehicles have witnessed a dramatic integration of electronic control systems, often referred to as the electronic revolution or the silicon revolution. These electronic systems have fundamentally transformed the way cars operate, influencing nearly every aspect of performance, safety, and comfort. The Silicon Symphony isn’t just about speed, it’s about keeping you safe. Advanced electronic systems like ABS and traction control act as your guardian angels on the road, preventing accidents and giving you more control. systems like automatic climate control and infotainment systems create a personalized driving experience, making every journey a pleasure cruise.

The Future of the Silicon Symphony: The Silicon Symphony is constantly evolving, and with new technologies emerging all the time, The term Silicon Symphony refers to the intricate network of electronic components that orchestrate the operation of modern vehicles. The conductor of the symphony, the ECU is the central brain of the engine, interpreting sensor data and sending signals to control functions like fuel injection, ignition timing, and emissions. Here you can say that Sensors are the eyes and ears of the engine, constantly monitoring various parameters like air intake temperature, engine speed, and exhaust gas.

Actuators are the muscles that translate the ECU’s commands into action. They can be components like fuel injectors, spark plugs, or throttle valves. A communication Network is a complex network of wires and buses that allows all these components to communicate with each other, ensuring smooth and coordinated operation.

(i) Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars depend on heavily on advanced sensors, powerful processors, and complex algorithms to navigate roads safely. Imagine a world where cars navigate roads with the precision of a maestro. Advanced sensors, powerful processors, and complex algorithms are making autonomous vehicles a reality.

Autonomous vehicles, also known as self-driving cars, are vehicles that can sense their environment and navigate without human input. They use a variety of technologies, including radar, lidar, cameras, and GPS, to perceive their surroundings and make decisions about how to move. There are many potential benefits to autonomous vehicles. They could make roads safer by reducing the number of accidents caused by human error. They could also make transportation more accessible to people who cannot drive themselves, such as the elderly or the disabled. Additionally, autonomous vehicles could help to reduce traffic congestion by optimizing traffic flow. However, there are also some challenges associated with autonomous vehicles. One challenge is the development of reliable sensors and software that can accurately perceive the environment in all conditions. Another challenge is the legal and regulatory framework for autonomous vehicles. It is important to determine who is liable in the event of an accident involving an autonomous vehicle.

(ii) Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication: Cars will be able to communicate with each other and with infrastructure, creating a more connected and efficient transportation system. The future of transportation is about communication. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology will allow cars to talk to each other and infrastructure, creating a safer and more efficient traffic flow.V2X communication represents a significant leap forward in creating a safer, more efficient, and more connected transportation ecosystem. As V2X technology continues to evolve and gain wider adoption, we can look forward to a future where the roads become a network of intelligent vehicles, all speaking the same language for a smoother, safer journey for everyone. V2X allows vehicles to exchange data with various entities in their environment, creating a more connected and intelligent transportation system.

(iii) Electric Vehicles (EVs): The rise of EVs presents a unique opportunity for even more sophisticated electronic control systems to manage battery performance and optimize electric drivetrains. The rise of electric vehicles presents a unique opportunity for even more sophisticated electronic control systems. Get ready to experience a whole new level of performance and efficiency as electronics orchestrate the power of electric drivetrains. Electric vehicles (EVs) are revolutionizing the way we drive. They are powered by electricity from batteries instead of gasoline or diesel fuel. This means they produce zero tailpipe emissions, making them a cleaner and more environmentally friendly transportation option. EVs use electric motors to propel the vehicle. The electric motor gets its power from a large battery pack that is typically located under the floor of the car. The battery can be charged by plugging the car into a charging station. There are two main types of charging stations. The future of EVs is bright. As battery technology continues to improve and the charging infrastructure expands, EVs are expected to become a more mainstream transportation option. EVs have the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality. They can also help to reduce our reliance on foreign oil.

The Benefits of the Silicon Symphony: The rise of electronics in vehicles has brought about numerous advantages, The Silicon Symphony represents a significant leap forward in the automotive industry. It’s a testament to the power of electronics, not just in enhancing performance, but in creating a safer, more comfortable, and ultimately, more enjoyable driving experience. As technology continues to advance, the future of the Silicon Symphony promises an even more remarkable performance, orchestrated to perfection.

(a) Improved Performance: Electronic control allows for more precise engine tuning, optimizing power delivery and fuel efficiency, the Silicon Symphony’s impact on performance translates to a more responsive, powerful, and efficient driving experience. Modern turbochargers are electronically controlled, allowing for a “boost on demand.” This means the ECU can adjust boost pressure based on real-time driving needs. Imagine needing a burst of power for overtaking – the ECU can temporarily increase boost for a thrilling acceleration without compromising overall efficiency. The Silicon Symphony’s impact on performance is multifaceted. It allows for precise control, dynamic adjustments, integration with advanced features, and driver customization, all leading to a more exhilarating, efficient, and personalized driving experience.

(b) Enhanced Safety: Electronic systems like ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) and traction control give drivers greater control and prevent accidents. ABS is a testament to the power of electronics in enhancing safety. It’s a crucial component of the modern vehicle’s “Silicon Symphony,” working seamlessly to give you more control and prevent accidents on the road. Remember, ABS is there to assist you, but safe driving habits are always the first line of defense. Without ABS, a locked wheel can cause the car to skid and lose control. ABS maintains traction and stability, preventing the car from swerving or spinning out of control.

(c) Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS): Features like lane departure warning, blind spot monitoring, and adaptive cruise control utilize sensors and electronic control to enhance safety and driver comfort. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are a suite of electronic technologies designed to improve safety, comfort, and convenience for drivers. These systems utilize a combination of sensors, cameras, radars, and software to perceive the environment around the vehicle and provide assistance or warnings to the driver. ADAS represents a significant leap forward in driver assistance technology.

It’s a crucial part of the modern car’s “Silicon Symphony,” working to create a safer, more convenient, and ultimately, more enjoyable driving experience for everyone on the road. Comfort and Convenience: Electronic systems power features like automatic climate control, power windows, and infotainment systems, making the driving experience more enjoyable.

(d) Diagnostics and Maintenance: Electronic systems provide valuable diagnostic data, making it easier to identify and address potential problems with the vehicle, the integration of electronics has transformed diagnostics and maintenance from a reactive process to a more proactive and preventative approach. This ensures your car stays in top shape, potentially saving you money and extending its lifespan. So, the next time you hear your engine purr, remember the silent symphony of electronics working tirelessly in the background, keeping your vehicle healthy and yours. Future vehicles might boast even more sophisticated self-diagnostic capabilities. Imagine your car not only alerting you to potential issues but also recommending corrective actions, empowering you to take better care of your machine, Electronic systems can continuously monitor the health of critical components like batteries or brake pads. This allows for proactive replacement before they fail unexpectedly. No more forgetting oil changes or tire rotations! Many vehicles come with electronic service reminder systems that keep you on top of your car’s maintenance schedule.
Modern vehicles are a complex symphony of electronic components, working in perfect synchronization to deliver exciting performance, unparalleled safety features, and an ever-increasing level of pleasure and comfort. This intricate network of electronic systems can be aptly described as a Silicon Symphony. Modern vehicles are a far cry from the sputtering, purely mechanical machines of the past. They have become complicated systems, indeed, where a complex symphony of electronic components work together to deliver an experience that’s not just about getting from point A to B, but about a complete solution and the ability to diagnose and fix the issues with the supporting gadgets.
Takeaway from this article:
Traditionally, many vehicle functions relied on mechanical components and systems. The modern approach utilizes electronic control units (ECUs) that receive sensor data, interpret it, and send precise electronic signals to various components like fuel injectors, spark plugs, and throttle valves. This allows for much finer control and optimization compared to mechanical systems. The Silicon Symphony represents a significant advancement in the automotive industry. It has led to vehicles that are not only more powerful and efficient but also safer, more comfortable, and packed with features that enhance the driving experience. The Silicon Symphony represents not just a technological revolution but a paradigm shift in the automotive industry.

As vehicles become more connected, intelligent, and performance-oriented, they cease to be mere modes of transportation and evolve into dynamic platforms for innovation and expression. From enhancing safety and efficiency to redefining the concept of mobility itself, the possibilities unlocked by the Silicon Symphony are as vast as the imagination. The Silicon Symphony represents a remarkable transformation in the automotive industry. By harnessing the power of electronics, car manufacturers are creating vehicles that are not only more powerful and efficient but also safer, more comfortable, and even capable of driving themselves. As technology continues to advance, the future of the Silicon Symphony promises even more innovation and exciting possibilities for the way we travel.
Exclusive written for Automark Magazine, May 2024
By Muhammad Rafique, Head of Production and Maintenance
Foton JW Auto Park (Pvt.) Limited

This exclusive article has been published in Automark Magazine – International, May-2024 printed edition from Pakistan.

Dear Readers, Net metering is a pivotal policy mechanism that incentivizes the adoption of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, by allowing individuals and businesses to generate their electricity and receive credit for any excess energy they feed back into the grid. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of net metering, its benefits, challenges, and its role in promoting sustainable energy practices.

Net Energy Metering (NEM) provides a cheaper, greener and decentralized approach to add new energy generation to the grid. Onsite generation offers many technical advantages to the grid, such as fewer power losses due to shorter transmission distance and reduced peak generation requirement for the grid. The important aspect is onsite generation with battery storage which may provide flexibility against grid breakdowns. Additionally, the NEM facility does not require distribution companies to invest in a generation system as the building owner bears most solar PV installation costs.

Net Energy Metering (NEM)

Net metering is a billing arrangement between distribution companies and consumers who generate their electricity from renewable sources. When a renewable energy system, such as rooftop solar panels generates more electricity than is immediately consumed on-site, the excess energy is sent back to the grid. Through net metering, consumers receive credits on their electricity bills for the electricity they export, offsetting the cost of electricity drawn from the grid when renewable generation is insufficient.At present, regulations in Pakistan allow NEM connections on three-phase only. As of 2022, three-phase NEM has an installed capacity of approx.300 MW.

The current NEM policy of Pakistan does not demarcate regulations to install NEMs on single-phase connections directly using single-phase inverters. Single-phase electricity connections may also get a NEM facility if they first convert to NEM enabled three-phase connection. A typical single-phase connection has between 2-4 kW sanctioned load and Pakistan’s maximum allowed NEM capacity is one and a half times the sanctioned load. I most of the countries around the world allow single-phase NEM. The maximum capacity of single-phase NEM varies from as low as 3.6 kW to as high as 10 kW, but generally they allow up to 5 kW capacity.

Technical Challenges

NEM share many challenges, such as generation un-predictability, power quality, and voltage regulation. Onsite generation using NEM improves voltage regulation. Electricity connections far away from the substation experience voltage dips. This also results in power losses for the utility. However, onsite generation using solar PV solves both issues. Voltage improvement is directly proportional to the number of NEM connections. In general, power losses reduce with an increase in NEM installations, except for the low load time of the year, usually the later part of the year. The important challenge of net metering policies varies by influence and are subject to changes in regulations and utility practices, leading to uncertainty for consumers and investors in renewable energy projects.

Integrating high levels of distributed renewable generation into the grid presents technical challenges, including voltage regulation, grid stability, and coordination with existing infrastructure.Power quality is also one of the main issues challenges faced by NEM. High penetration of NEM can generate power quality issues in the distribution network, such as voltage regulation and harmonic distortion contribution.

The intermittent nature of solar energy may lead to rapid voltage fluctuations that can weaken the LV distribution feeder and, in some cases, may overheat the power lines. Stateoftheart inverters are available that can mitigate the issue of voltage fluctuation at consumer’s end and keep it between safe limits. However, if the inverter, malfunctions then the voltage fluctuation problem can move outside the specified values.

Financial Impact

Solar PV allows onsite generation, consequently, reduces dependence on the grid. With each onsite generated unit, whether consumed locally or exported back to the grid, the utility company may face a revenue loss or gain, depending on the solar capacity installed and the feed-in tariff model. However, this will also lower the country’s oil import bill as presently 60% of electricity generation in Pakistan is from thermal sources with a significant share of imported fossil fuels.

Solar PV is a reality, and DISCOs cannot fight or flight this upcoming tsunami. However, DISCOs may convert this perceived challenge to an opportunity with the right strategy, regulations, financial and business models and appropriate technical systems and know-how.

Despite challenges, net metering remains a critical tool for promoting renewable energy adoption and achieving energy transition goals. As technology advances, innovative solutions such as virtual net metering, time-of-use rates, and smart grid technologies will play a crucial role in optimizing the benefits of net metering while addressing its challenges.Net metering plays a vital role in unlocking the full potential of renewable energy resources and accelerating the transition to a sustainable energy future.

By addressing economic, environmental, and grid pliability objectives, net metering represents a win-win solution for consumers, DISCOs and society as a whole. As policymakers and stakeholders continue to refine net metering policies, it is essential to prioritize transparency, fairness and inclusivity to ensure the equitable distribution of benefits and the advancement of renewable energy adoption in Pakistan.

This exclusive article has been published in Automark Magazine – International, May-2024 printed edition from Pakistan.

New Vehicles sales volume continuously showing declining trend. During the initial nine months of the 2024 around 37 percent decrease is recorded. Due to high inflation consumer has lost his purchasing power. Even bank interest rates for Car Loans and leasing became abnormally high and common user/ purchaser of cars even cannot afford repayment ofinstallment of loan and leasing. As a result the volume of auto financing from the banks is also decreased significantly about more than 24 percent in this year’s initial nine months.

This situation may open a door of surge in used car sales. Unfortunately there is no Government supported institution for the certification of the used car condition. Although two Japanese companies i.e. Toyota and Suzuki has started Schemes of used their own brands used cars sales certification. But their certification facility is not available for all brands.

In Japan an organization called” japan inspection organization”- J.I.0 issue road worthy Certificate for used vehicles that was registered in Japan and was driven at Japanese roads. Used vehicle certification is the process of certifying that the vehicle has no problem. A certified pre-owned car or CPO is a type of used car that is inspected by Japan Inspection Organization inspector(s) and certified by JIO authority.

The JIO certified car is one that is previously registered & driven in Japan, and was inspected by Japan Inspection Organization inspector(s) before available for resale. Thisorganization has its own set standards. The appraisal are also include engine and body check.

Their standards include that the vehicle with no more than 50,000 kilometers mileage and no older than five years from the first registration in Japan, qualify to apply for the inspection of “Certified car”. However, in some cases vehicle older than 5 years and mileage more than 50,000 kilometers can qualify for “Certified car” if was extra ordinary maintained by previous owner. JIO Certified vehicles are subjected to a rigorous, multi-point inspection. If the vehicle meets JIO mandatory qualifications, it can offer for sale as a “JIO Certified Vehicle”. The most important factors for a potential “JIO Certified” vehicle are that it must be in excellent condition and be mechanically sound. If a vehicle doesn’t meet the JIO requirements, it will be rejected and no appeal will be accepted for re-inspection of such vehicle. This organization has nationwide network in Japan to conduct the physical inspection of vehicles. 

A JIO certified used car comes with an inspection before being offered for sale. While a non-certified used car is offered for sale without any inspection at high risk.

The validity of roadworthiness certificate issued by this organization is 30 days from the date of inspection. After 30 days, used car dealer has to bring the vehicle at any JIO inspection center for re-inspection. Certificate will not re-issue without re-inspection of vehicle.

The engineering development board of Pakistan may take such initiative and formulate an institution or certification authority on the same pattern. This will facilitate buyer and sellers both. Furthermore banks can easily finance these certified vehicles.

Kenya stands as East Africa’s foremost business and transportation hub, with Mombasa Port facilitating 80% of the region’s trade. The nation’s ambitious Kenya Vision 2030 aims for a transformation into a middle-income country with a high quality of life for all citizens, emphasizing industrialization and environmental sustainability.

Key Economic Indicators:

Country Name: The Republic of Kenya

Population: 53 million

GDP Annual Growth: 7.1%

GDP Per Capita: $2,090

Inflation Rate: 6.3%

Interest Rate (AVG): 8.75%

Government Debt to GDP ratio (AVG): 70%

Exchange Rate: 1 USD = 146.90 Kenyan Shilling

Strategic Imperatives: Exporters targeting the Kenyan market must adopt a focused approach, conducting thorough market research and understanding local preferences. Developing quality products at competitive prices is crucial, alongside forging strategic partnerships to navigate the dynamic market landscape.

Export Potential to Kenya: Kenya presents opportunities for exporters, particularly in automotive batteries, tyres, spare parts, ball bearings, water pumps, and electronics. African buyers, often price-sensitive, seek low-cost goods, presenting a niche market for exporters.

Tariff Structure:Kenya maintains a favorable tariff structure for the import of vehicles, tractor parts and accessories, with average tariffs ranging from 2.4% to 23.1%. This have to study in accordingly your H.S. Code and see your Kenya market potential.

Market Analysis: Examining Kenya import trends, we observe a substantial demand for vehicles and related accessories, with top importing countries including Japan, India, China, South Africa & Thailand, Germany, United Kingdom, Brazil, Turkey, Korea and Mexico. Delving deeper into specific product categories, we identify H.S. Code 87.., encompassing parts and accessories for tractors and motor vehicles, as a promising avenue for export expansion.

In conclusion, Kenya’s automotive market offers ample opportunities for exporters willing to tap into its burgeoning economy. With the right strategy and a keen understanding of local dynamics, exporters can establish a strong foothold.

By Mashood Khan :  Director – Mehran Commercial Enterprises / Expert Auto Sector / Former Chairman PAAPAM

Dear Readers: in continuation of last month’s article Crafted with Care: The Human Touch Behind Automotive Excellence is based on its philosophy that elevates the automotive experience, reminding us that the most extraordinary cars are not born on assembly lines, but in the hearts and minds of dedicated individuals who transfer their passion into every drive. As we celebrate the human touch behind automotive excellence, we also honor the rich heritage that informs every design and every decision. Whether drawing inspiration from classic models or pushing the boundaries of technology, automotive craftsmen strike a delicate balance between tradition and innovation, ensuring that each vehicle embodies the spirit of its lineage while embracing the possibilities of the future.

With regards to the vehicle’s outer appearance and performance, the most important for the customer is the vehicle’s interior and Engine Performance, so all of the components inside a vehicle are part of a car that the driver and passengers see most of the time and experience most closely, Automotive technology is the practical application of knowledge about self-propelled vehicles, consider the fast-moving technology are being used by vehicle manufactures and are well considered for the safety as a priority.

In the heart of every automobile lies a symphony of controlled explosions – the internal combustion engine. Often relegated to the realm of horsepower figures and oil changes, this marvel of engineering deserves a closer look. It’s a testament to human ingenuity, a meticulously crafted dance of physics and chemistry that propels us forward. “Behind the Horsepower: Unraveling the Engineering Marvel of an Engine” invites us to peer beneath the surface of the automotive world and discover the incredible complexity and ingenuity that powers our vehicles. From the birth of power in the combustion chamber to the precision engineering that defines modern engines, the journey to unravel the mysteries of the engine is as fascinating as the roads it propels us down.

So, join us as we embark on this adventure of discovery and marvel at the engineering marvel that is the heart of the automobile. In an age dominated by automation and mass production, the essence of true craftsmanship endures as a beacon of distinction. As we delve into the world of automotive excellence, we pay homage to the artisans who honor tradition while embracing innovation. Each vehicle is not merely a product of assembly lines but a labor of love, meticulously crafted by skilled hands that breathe life into steel and leather.

A Controlled Combustion Chamber. Beyond absolute power, today’s engines are also engineered with an eye toward efficiency and sustainability. From direct injection to variable valve timing, these technologies optimize fuel consumption and reduce emissions without compromising performance. As the automotive industry embraces electrification and alternative fuels, engines continue to evolve, ushering in a new era of cleaner, greener mobility. At its core, the engine is a sophisticated air pump. Air and fuel are meticulously mixed and drawn into cylinders. A spark ignites this volatile cocktail, creating a controlled explosion that pushes a piston down. This reciprocating motion, multiplied across multiple cylinders, translates into the rotational force that turns the wheels. This seemingly simple process relies on a complex group of components working in perfect harmony.

• Valves: Like the lungs of the engine, valves precisely control the intake and exhaust of air and fuel.valves are critical in directing the flow of air, fuel, and exhaust gases. These unsung heroes, meticulously timed and precisely engineered, orchestrate the very essence of engine operation – the controlled combustion cycle.
• (i) Intake Valves: These valves are responsible for allowing fresh air (or air-fuel mixture in some cases) into the combustion chamber during the intake stroke. They are typically larger than exhaust valves to allow for a sufficient amount of air to enter the cylinder for optimal combustion.
• (ii) Exhaust Valves: Once the combustion process is complete, exhaust valves open during the exhaust stroke, allowing the spent gases to escape the cylinder and exit the engine. These valves are subjected to high temperatures and require robust materials to withstand the harsh environment.

• Pistons and Connecting Rods: These tireless workhorses convert the force of the explosion into a linear motion.In the pulsating heart of an internal combustion (IC) engine, a dynamic duo tirelessly translates the fury of combustion into usable power: the piston and connecting rod. These synchronized players are crucial for converting the explosive force within the cylinders into the rotational motion that drives your car forward. Pistons and connecting rods are the unsung heroes of the IC engine. Their robust design, precise movement, and modern advancements ensure the efficient conversion of combustion force into usable power. As engine technology continues to develop, these crucial components will undoubtedly play a vital role in shaping the future of internal combustion engines.
• Crankshaft: This maestro transforms the pistons’ up-and-down motion into rotational force, ultimately driving the wheels.n the intricate world of the internal combustion (IC) engine, a vital component conducts the symphony of power – the crankshaft. This maestro translates the reciprocating (up-and-down) motion of the pistons into the rotational force that drives your car forward. It’s a testament to engineering ingenuity, transforming linear bursts of energy into smooth, continuous rotation. The crankshaft is the heart of the IC engine’s power delivery system. Its robust design, precise engineering, and modern advancements ensure the smooth and efficient conversion of combustion force into rotational motion. As engine technology continues to develop, the crankshaft will undoubtedly remain a vital component, playing a key role in the future of internal combustion engines.
• Camshaft: The conductor of the symphony, the camshaft precisely controls the opening and closing of valves.The camshaft plays a critical role in the heart of an IC engine. Its precise design and operation are essential for efficient combustion, optimal performance, and cleaner emissions. As engine technology continues to advance, camshafts will undoubtedly evolve with new functionalities and materials, remaining a vital component in the future of internal combustion engines. In the intricate world of the internal combustion (IC) engine, the camshaft acts as the conductor of a finely tuned orchestra. This crucial component precisely controls the opening and closing of the engine’s valves, ensuring the timely intake of air and fuel, and the efficient expulsion of exhaust gases. It’s the hidden hand that dictates the engine’s breathing rhythm, directly influencing performance, efficiency, and emissions.
• Ignition System: A precisely timed spark ignites the air-fuel mixture at the optimal moment.the ignition system acts as the spark of life. It’s responsible for generating the high-voltage spark that ignites the air-fuel mixture within the engine’s cylinders, initiating the combustion process that propels your car forward. There are two main types of ignition systems used in IC engines. The ignition system plays a vital role in ensuring efficient and smooth engine operation. By generating the crucial spark at the right time, it initiates the combustion process that propels your vehicle. As engine technology continues to develop, ignition systems will undoubtedly become more sophisticated, utilizing advancements in electronics and materials for even better performance, efficiency, and reliability.
• Fuel System: Delivers a precise amount of fuel to the engine, ensuring efficient combustion.The fuel system in an internal combustion (IC) engine is the lifeline, meticulously delivering the necessary fuel for the combustion process that keeps your car moving. Here’s a breakdown of this vital system. The fuel system is the unsung hero of the IC engine. By delivering clean fuel in the right amount and at the right time, it ensures smooth operation, efficient power generation, and cleaner emissions. As engine technology continues to develop, fuel systems will undoubtedly evolve to meet future demands for efficiency, performance, and environmental responsibility.

Beyond the Basics: Modern engines are a far cry from their rudimentary ancestors. Technological advancements have revolutionized performance and efficiency, The internal combustion (IC) engine, while a marvel of engineering, offers a fascinating world to explore beyond the fundamentals. As you delve deeper, you’ll discover intricate concepts and cutting-edge advancements that push the boundaries of performance and efficiency. The internal combustion engine, despite its limitations, has been a transformative force. It has powered our transportation revolution, fueled economic growth, and driven human exploration. However, the future beckons with the promise of cleaner alternatives.

• Computerized Engine Management: In the realm of internal combustion (IC) engines, the shift from mechanical simplicity to computerized control has been a revolution. Enter Computerized Engine Management (CEM), the invisible conductor that orchestrates a symphony of precise actions within your engine. Electronic control units precisely manage fuel injection, ignition timing, and other critical parameters, optimizing performance and minimizing emissions. CEM is a testament to the transformative power of technology in the automotive industry. By taking the reins from mechanical systems, ECUs have revolutionized how IC engines operate, ensuring efficiency, performance, and cleaner emissions. As technology continues to evolve, one thing remains certain: the role of CEM in shaping the future of the automobile is far from over.

• Turbochargers and Superchargers: These ingenious devices force more air into the engine, boosting power output. In the high-octane world of performance engines, two technologies reign supreme when it comes to squeezing out extra power: turbochargers and superchargers. Both achieve the same goal – forcing more air into the engine for a bigger bang – but they do it in very different ways. Let’s delve into the world of forced induction and see which method might be the perfect fit for your need for speed. Whether you crave the delayed punch of a turbo or the immediate surge of a supercharger, both offer exciting ways to unleash the hidden potential within your engine. By understanding their strengths and weaknesses, you can choose the technology that best suits your driving desires and propels you toward an exhilarating ride.
• Direct Injection: Precisely injecting fuel directly into the cylinder allows for a more efficient burn. In the realm of internal combustion (IC) engines, the quest for efficiency and performance has led to a technological marvel – Direct Injection (DI). Unlike traditional fuel injection systems that spray fuel into the intake manifold, DI injects fuel directly into the cylinder, right next to the spark plug. This seemingly simple change unlocks significant advantages for modern engines. Direct injection is a game-changer in the world of IC engines. By delivering fuel precisely where it’s needed, DI unlocks a path toward cleaner, more powerful, and fuel-efficient engines. As technology continues to advance, Direct Injection is poised to remain a cornerstone of the internal combustion engine for years to come.

Takeaway from this article:

As we strive for a sustainable future, the internal combustion engine is undergoing a metamorphosis. Hybrid and electric vehicles are gaining traction, offering a glimpse into a future where engines may not roar, but the spirit of innovation continues to propel us forward. The internal combustion engine may be a complex machine, but its fundamental principles are a testament to human ingenuity. From the controlled explosions within its chambers to the technological advancements that have transformed it, the engine is a story of how human creativity shapes the world around us. It may not be the heart of a car, but it’s the undeniable force that keeps it beating.

This exclusive article has been written by Muhammad Rafique sahib for Automark Magazine’s April-2024 printed and digital edition.

Dear Readers in recent years, the automotive industry has witnessed a significant surge in demand for hybrid and electric vehicles (EVs) worldwide. While both technologies promise eco-friendly transportation solutions, there’s been a notable trend favoring hybrid vehicles over pure electric alternatives in various regions across the globe. This article delves into a comprehensive comparative analysis of market demand trends for hybrid and electric vehicles on a regional scale, exploring the driving factors behind the increasing momentum of hybrid vehicles in comparison to EVs.

1. North America:
   • North America has been a significant market for both hybrid vehicles and EVs. Historically, hybrid vehicles gained popularity earlier than EVs in this region due to the introduction of models like the Toyota Prius. However, EV adoption has been steadily increasing, driven by factors such as government incentives, environmental concerns, and improvements in EV technology.
   • In recent years, there has been a growing preference for EVs, particularly in states like California, which have stringent emission regulations and incentives for zero-emission vehicles.
2. Europe:
   • Europe has been at the forefront of EV adoption, with several countries implementing ambitious plans to phase out internal combustion engine vehicles in favor of electric vehicles. Norway, for example, has seen a significant increase in EV sales, supported by generous subsidies and incentives.
   • Hybrid vehicles also have a presence in the European market, but EVs have been gaining more traction, especially in countries like Germany, France, and the Netherlands.
3. Asia-Pacific:
   • The Asia-Pacific region, particularly countries like China and Japan, has emerged as a major market for both hybrid vehicles and EVs. China, in particular, has been aggressively promoting EV adoption through incentives, subsidies, and regulations aimed at reducing pollution and dependence on imported oil.
   • Japan has a strong automotive industry and has been a leader in hybrid vehicle technology, with companies like Toyota leading the market. However, Japan is also investing heavily in EV infrastructure and promoting EV adoption.
   • Other countries in the Asia-Pacific region, such as South Korea and India, are also seeing increasing interest in both hybrid and electric vehicles, driven by factors like urbanization, pollution concerns, and government policies.
4. Latin America and the Middle East/Africa:
   • Hybrid and electric vehicles have been slower to gain traction in these regions compared to regions like North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. Factors such as infrastructure limitations, affordability, and consumer preferences for traditional gasoline-powered vehicles have contributed to this slower adoption.
   • However, there is growing awareness of the environmental benefits of hybrid and electric vehicles in these regions, and some countries are starting to offer incentives and develop infrastructure to support their adoption.

Overall, while hybrid vehicles have been a transitional technology bridging the gap between conventional gasoline vehicles and fully electric vehicles, the market trend is increasingly favoring electric vehicles as technology advances, costs decrease, and governments worldwide implement policies to address climate change and air quality concerns.

Growing Momentum of Hybrid Vehicles: Exploring the Global Shift Away from Pure Electric Vehicles

Introduction

In recent years, the automotive industry has witnessed a significant shift towards more sustainable transportation options, driven primarily by concerns over climate change and environmental sustainability. Among the various alternatives, electric vehicles (EVs) have garnered substantial attention for their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. However, despite the growing popularity of EVs, hybrid vehicles have been gaining momentum worldwide. This essay aims to delve into the reasons behind the increasing preference for hybrid vehicles over pure EVs on a global scale.

Understanding Hybrid Vehicles

Hybrid vehicles combine the benefits of traditional internal combustion engines with electric propulsion systems. They utilize both gasoline engines and electric motors to power the vehicle, offering improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to conventional vehicles. Hybrid systems come in various configurations, including parallel, series, and plug-in hybrids, each offering distinct advantages in terms of performance, efficiency, and environmental impact.

Factors Driving the Momentum of Hybrid Vehicles

1. Infrastructure and Range Anxiety: One of the primary concerns associated with pure EVs is range anxiety – the fear of running out of battery charge before reaching a charging station. Despite significant advancements in charging infrastructure, including the proliferation of fast-charging stations, range limitations remain a significant barrier for EV adoption, particularly in regions with limited charging infrastructure. Hybrid vehicles alleviate this concern by offering the flexibility of using both gasoline and electric power, eliminating range anxiety and providing drivers with the convenience of refueling at traditional gas stations.
2. Cost Considerations: While the cost of EVs has been declining steadily, they still tend to be more expensive than their conventional counterparts, primarily due to the high cost of batteries. Hybrid vehicles, on the other hand, typically have a lower upfront cost compared to pure EVs, making them a more financially accessible option for consumers. Additionally, hybrid vehicles benefit from existing manufacturing infrastructure and supply chains, further contributing to their affordability.
3. Technology Maturity and Reliability: Hybrid technology has been in existence for several decades and has undergone significant refinement and improvement over time. As a result, hybrid vehicles are perceived as more mature and reliable compared to EVs, which are still relatively nascent in terms of technological development. Consumers may feel more confident in the reliability and longevity of hybrid vehicles, particularly in markets where EV adoption is still in its early stages.
4. Versatility and Flexibility: Hybrid vehicles offer greater versatility and flexibility compared to pure EVs, particularly in regions with diverse driving conditions and infrastructure challenges. In areas with harsh climates or limited charging infrastructure, hybrid vehicles provide a practical alternative that can adapt to various driving scenarios without compromising performance or convenience. Moreover, hybrid technology can be implemented across a wide range of vehicle types, including sedans, SUVs, and trucks, catering to diverse consumer preferences and market segments.
5. Environmental Impact and Emission Reduction: While pure EVs are often hailed as the ultimate solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating air pollution, hybrid vehicles also play a significant role in environmental sustainability. By combining electric propulsion with efficient gasoline engines, hybrid vehicles offer substantial reductions in fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions compared to conventional vehicles. While they may not be zero-emission vehicles like EVs, hybrids still contribute to overall emission reduction efforts and can serve as a transitional technology towards a greener transportation future.
6. Government Policies and Incentives: Government policies and incentives play a crucial role in shaping consumer preferences and driving the adoption of clean vehicles. In many regions, governments offer various incentives, such as tax credits, rebates, and subsidies, to encourage the purchase of hybrid vehicles. These incentives help offset the higher upfront costs associated with clean vehicles and make hybrids more attractive to consumers. Additionally, regulatory measures, such as fuel efficiency standards and emissions regulations, incentivize automakers to invest in hybrid technology as a means of complying with environmental mandates while maintaining market competitiveness.
7. Consumer Perception and Familiarity: Despite the growing awareness and acceptance of EVs, some consumers remain skeptical about the practicality and convenience of all-electric vehicles. Range anxiety, charging infrastructure limitations, and concerns over battery life and replacement costs contribute to consumer apprehension towards EV adoption. In contrast, hybrid vehicles offer a familiar driving experience similar to conventional vehicles, easing the transition for consumers who may be hesitant to fully embrace electric mobility. The proven reliability and performance of hybrid technology further enhance consumer confidence and acceptance.

Conclusion

In conclusion, hybrid vehicles are experiencing a surge in popularity worldwide, driven by a combination of factors ranging from infrastructure limitations and cost considerations to technology maturity and consumer preferences. While pure electric vehicles continue to garner significant attention for their potential to revolutionize the automotive industry and mitigate environmental impacts, hybrid vehicles offer a pragmatic and versatile solution that addresses the practical concerns and preferences of consumers. As the automotive landscape evolves and sustainability remains at the forefront of global priorities, hybrid vehicles are poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of transportation, bridging the gap between conventional internal combustion engines and the electrified future.

This exclusive article has been published in Automark Magazine’s April-2024, printed edition. Written by Aqeel Bashir sb.

1947 is the year when Karachi saw a huge influx of emigrants from all over India. In 1947 Karachi population was 450,000 and by 1951 population had crossed one million. In 1950 Karachi improvement trust was established, this institution was primarily responsible for the expansion and management of Karachi city. This trust has given additional responsibility for the management of city transport. But KIT was heavily burdened with the settlement problems of refugees and will not able to make any progress towards the solution of transport problem of the city. Resultantly a new establishment namely Karachi Transport Syndicate introduced and a fleet of 280 buses handed over to this syndicate by the Federal Government. In 1957 the population of Karachi becomes 16 million and city was expanded manifold. Many new housing colonies popped up. So these 280 buses could not solve Karachi public transport problem in any way. By 1957 Karachi transport syndicate was vanished. In 1957 the Karachi administration again made very high plans for Karachi public transport issues and established “Karachi Road Transport Corporation” it is a sort of public private partnership. This corporation brought 324 normal buses and 24 double decker buses on the roads of Karachi. This was the first public transport facilitators who established adequate bus depots with full-fledged workshop facilities but by 1964 this organization became bankrupt due to Un-known reasons.

In 1971 Pakistan was broken and West Pakistan becomes whole Pakistan which compromises of four provinces. Karachi became the capital of Sindh province and transportation became a provincial subject. A brand new organization namely Sindh Transport Corporation S.R.T.C came into being. As Karachi is a mega city a separate division of SRTC was created exclusively for Karachi with the name of Karachi Transport Corporation KTC, the initial fleet of this new corporation was comprises of 2000 buses. This organization could not sustain more than 5 years after that some halfhearted efforts were made by city governments but no integrated system can be introduced for public transport system. For many years Karachites were the victims of Transport Mafia they were forced to travel on the roofs of buses and mini buses. After many years of hardships, now there are some says of lights in total darkness. The first Bus rapid transport system – B.R.T.S, namely green line was started upon the instruction of then Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in February 2016. This was completed and become operational in December 2021. The length of this system is 18 kilometersand around 140 buses plying in this system.

These buses are hybrid and more than one lakh thirty five thousand peoples are commuting daily. Frequency of buses are one bus after every three minutes. This is the third year of this service and running very successfully. Furthermore in the meanwhile an extended route with the name of Orange Line linked with Green Line the total length of this corridor is 4 kilometer, this corridor will facilitate the passengers of Orangi Town. Orangi Town itself having the population of 2.4 million and the area of this town is expanded around 57 square kilometer.

The second mega BRTS project was announced by the Sindh Government which is called Red Line project. Red Line bus route will start from model colony and will end at tower. Project was physically started in August 2022 and its completion was expected by 2024. Unfortunately construction work is not very smooth and often seems to be halted. Even presently the progress is totally stopped. In these circumstances the completion maybe delayed by a year or so. This project is funded by a consortium which includes Asian Development Bank, Asian infrastructure Bank the French Agency for development and the Green climate fund. The project will comprise of 26.5 kilometer length. This project will directly benefit 1.5 million. Karachites and daily expected ridership will be around 350,000 citizens of Karachi. One more very soothing aspect of the project is that 50,000 fruit bearing trees will be planted across the corridor as a part of project.

Transport & Mass Transit Department of Sindh claims that. It is a zero emission transportation system. As 250 redline buses will be Bio Hybrid buses and will use bio gas as fuel. A bio gas plant is being established at Landhi, adjacent to cattle colony which will provide environment friendly fuel locally produced.

The only thing which is not known that when this project will be complete. However you can see red and white buses in Karachiwhich are running on city’s normal roads. This looks a stand by arrangement by Sindh Government. In total these buses are 290 out which 40 white buses are operated on electric. They can travel up to 240 kilometer on a 20 minutes charge they exclusively use solar energy. Solar energy charging station has already established by Sindh Government. The seating capacity of these buses are 30 passengers with additional space for 40 standing passengers. Unfortunately this electric white buses are now missing from the Karachi roads. It is learnt that 25 out 40 buses are grounded due to technical failure. A new consignment of 160 white EV buses is also reached on Karachi port.

A part from this in the first phase 250 red buses are running on seven different routes and will cover 250 kilometer distance in total. Furthermore two more BRTS line are at planning stage which are called Blue Line and Yellow Line. Blue Line will extended from Merewether Tower in Central Karachi to Baharia Town in North East Karachi at a total length of 30 kilometers.Under the project 357,000 passengers will be able to travel annually. Yellow Line will connect NumaishChowrangi with Landhi and Korangi which are eastern and north eastern parts of Karachi.

Still most of the plans and promises of the Government are not fulfilled and one can see most of the lower income group of Karachites are still sitting upon the roofs of buses and overloaded three wheelers called Ching Chee are still order of the day in this mega city.