Automark

CONTAINERS TO CURTAIN CARRIERS 2.0

SEQUAL OF OUR PUBLISHMENT IN FEB 2024 ED “CURTAIN ON THE WHEELS

CONGRATULATIONS to all those transport companies who want to reduce turnaround times at depots for loading and unloading.

We have launched the gold standard for transporting palletized cargo especially in the FMCG sector.

Conventionally, the palletizedgoods are transported in heavy modified shipping containers in Pakistan while the rest of the world has moved on to lighter, efficient and aesthetically pleasing “Curtain Sider” trailers. 

There is a normal perception of a fabric/curtain to be weak and prone to damage. How come it could serve as a container when installed over a trailer? Also the fleet owner is many a times concerned about the theftof cargo as the cargo seems easily accessible.

However, this is not the case.

Because the fabric comes in various compositions and mesh interweaved within. This type of fabric has extreme fatigue strength and cannot be vandalized easily.

AUTOCOM has recently developed a fleet of curtain trailers that will soon be witnessed on roads in Pakistan and abroad. It is a fully TIR compliant curtain trailer and specifically made for export of palletized cargo. The fabric of roof is tested against the EN ISO 1421 -1 standard for breaking strength and against DIN 53 363 for tear strength. Here are some results for the fabric installed on Roof tested against the standards. Also the side curtain fabric is much more in strength than that of a roof. Its breaking or Warp strength is 4000 N/5cm whereas for Roof it is 2500 N/5cm.

Also, for the fact the type of trailer could be opened from right side, top, left side and from back doors, making it more friendly for loading and unloading. Also you do not need loading and unloading docks for offloading the cargo. With the help of a fork lifter you can easily unload the trailer at your warehouse or wherever needed.

There are some precautionary measures to unlocking it, sliding the curtain, locking it at an interim position, offloading the cargo and locking it back. These handling guidelines are shown step by step in the image. For unloading of cargo from sides, there is a ratchet tensioner that needs to be opened via pulling and sliding the curtain sideways.

Also in order to protect the profiles on the roof upon which curtains are mounted, it is strongly recommended not to:

1. Allow a person walking on the roof of the trailer, unlike metal superstructure, where there are walk ways for top loading especially in fuel tankers.
2. Allow heavy loads to rest on the trailer top at specific unit area.
3. Allow dew or snow to be accumulated on the curtains roof top.
4. Allow unlocking the roof top, when some external fluid is resting on the top of the trailer.
5. Harsh turning of trailers with back doors open.
6. Harsh turning of trailer with back doors and roof top unlocked.

You don’t need to invest in a new trailer as AUTOCOM is offering to convert your existing flat bed semi-trailer to curtain siders by mouting the “montage”.  Following are some of the uses of a curtain truck/trailer.

Top Uses of a Curtain Side Truck

1. Shipping perishable goods
2. Transporting fragile items
3. Shipping large or bulky items
4. Shipping heavy machinery
5. Shipping oversized items

Since it is a light weight trailer (45-foot curtain trailer can weigh as low as 7 tons while a 45’ container box trailer would weigh around 10 tons), you can carry more pay load instead of dead weight.

AUTOCOM’s Curtain Sider Trailers ensure the compliance on TIR with the following points:

1. The curtain, doors and all the other constituent parts of the load compartment on AUTOCOM’s trailer are assembled in such a way that they cannot be opened or closed without leaving obvious trace.  This is the primary rule of the TIR compliance.
2. The curtain is designed in such a way that it overlaps the solid parts at the top of AUTOCOM’s trailer by at least ¼ of the actual distance between the rollers.
3. The curtain guidance and other movable parts of the system are assembled in such a way that no movable part can be opened or closed from the outside without leaving obvious traces. The curtain guidance and other movable parts are assembled in such a way on your trailer that it is impossible to gain access to the load compartment without leaving obvious traces.
4. The horizontal distance between the rings, used for customs purposes, on the solid parts of our trailer will not exceed 200 mm as required in the TIR regulation.
5. The distance between the tensioning straps on our trailer will not exceed 600 mm as required in TIR regulation.
6. The fastenings used to secure the sheets to the solid parts of the vehicle will fulfil the requirements of TIR as the kit is provided with the steel wire rope of one piece of at least 3 mm diameter.

The launch of AUTOCOM Curtain Sider isn’t only our organization’s success milestone, but it will prove to be a game changer in the logistics landscape of our country.  We are confident that the fleet operators will welcome this product as, with reduced turnaround times, it will help them reduce the number of vehicles required to complete the job.

AUTOCOM thrives on innovation.  We are indebted to our customers and business partners who keep pushing the boundaries of “conventionallogistics.”  We practice “Change for Good” that makes us advocates of innovation.We cannot complain of staying back and experiencing the “Kodak moment”. As the saying goes:

“When the window of opportunity appears, do not pull down the ‘curtain’.”

This exclusive article has been published in Automark Magazine’s July-2024 printed/digital edition.

Written by Sumaiyah Murtaza

Arid Agriculture University – PMAS AAUR and the Department of Agricultural Engineering have successfully established a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for cooperation in academic and research activities, particularly in fields such as precision agriculture, climate change, water resource management, and alternate energy, among other agricultural sciences.

On May 30th, a grand MoU signing ceremony was held at the university campus, headed by the Ambassador to the Republic of Korea, Park Ki Jun, and the Vice Chancellor of the University, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Naeem. The ambassador emphasized Korea’s commitment to enhancing the development of Pakistan, especially in agriculture and education, and appreciated the long-lasting friendship between Korea and Pakistan.

The MoU was signed between PMAS-AAUR, the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineering (KSAE), and the Pakistan Society of Agricultural Engineering (PSAE), focusing on cooperation in academic and research activities. All parties agreed to cooperate on societal development and areas of mutual academic interest related to research. This collaboration aims to strengthen scientific and technical partnerships between the two countries.

The cooperation includes joint academic research projects under the Korea-Pakistan partnership, participation in joint conferences, seminars, workshops, and knowledge/skill exchange programs. Additionally, joint research proposals can be submitted to Korean and Pakistani funding agencies, including KOICA, NRF, and HEC, to secure funding for joint research ventures.

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Naeem, Vice Chancellor of PMAS-AAUR, Mr. Seung Jin Maeng, Ph.D., President of KSAE, and Engr. Mansoor Rizvi, President of PSAE, signed the MoU. Earlier, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Naeem welcomed the ambassador and the Koica delegation, and Dr. Muhammad Azam provided a detailed briefing on the university’s educational, research, and extension programs, along with its future plans.

Later in the day, an International Seminar on “Transferring Innovative Technologies for Environmental Water Management between Korea and Pakistan” was held at PMAS-AAUR. The seminar was jointly organized by the PMAS-AAUR Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, KSAE, and PSAE. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf, former Chairman of the Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), presented a thought-provoking article on the challenges Pakistan faces in water resource management, which was well received by the audience.

In his concluding remarks, Engr. Mansoor Rizvi thanked the foreign experts, including Je Ho Yeon, Country Director, for their participation. He emphasized the importance of knowledge sharing and innovative solutions in addressing environmental challenges. He assured the attendees that the Pakistan Society of Engineers provides a platform for agricultural engineers to exchange views, share knowledge, and receive training on IoT and new developments.

He also highlighted the impact of climate change on agriculture and praised the contributions of Korean agricultural engineers. He expressed confidence that Pakistani engineers would benefit from Korea’s experience in improving storage capacity, operation, and maintenance of reservoirs, and addressing deteriorated infrastructure issues.

The seminar’s success was attributed to the efforts of Dr. Muhammad Azam and his team, whose contributions were highly appreciated by the participants.

This exclusive news/article has been published in Automark Magazine’s July-2024 printed/digital edition.

Dear Readers: The automotive industry, while a driver of economic growth, is facing severe environmental challenges. This month’s articles present solutions to the problems that manufacturing industries face today, including global shifts in manufacturing homes, a fast-growing aftermarket, and environmental regulation, opening the doors for sustainable manufacturing practices that not only benefit the environment but also generate cost savings.

The automotive industry has a golden opportunity to be a leader in environmental responsibility. Sustainable manufacturing practices are not just a cost-effective solution, but a path towards a cleaner planet and a thriving future for the industry itself.

Come along as we explore the numerous advantages of sustainability, cutting greenhouse gas emissions and slashing costs, and learn how the industry is planning for an eco-friendly future.

Switch to a Circular Economy Model:

Unlike the existing linear economy, a circular economy is one where materials are reused and recycled, ensuring that they can be used again and again while extending the lifespan of those selected resources and decreasing the demand for raw materials. This reduces the impact on the environment and saves on material costs as well as landfilling.

In addition, eco-friendly technologies, including electric-powered and hydrogen-fueled machines are being implemented to decrease energy usage of manufacturing activities resulting in cleaner production practices.

Consumers also value sustainable manufacturing and this product sells well for the growing number of consumers who are looking for more eco-friendly products and practices. Sustainable production adopted by automakers improve their brand reputation and appeal to the increasing number of environmentally-conscious customers making them a force to reckon with for competitors in the market.

Modernizing manufacturing processes to be more efficient and less polluting is another crucial step towards reducing emissions. Techniques such as additive manufacturing (3D printing), which minimizes material waste, and advanced robotics, which enhances precision and efficiency, help lower the environmental impact of production. Additionally, the use of high-strength, lightweight materials reduces energy consumption during both manufacturing and vehicle operations, contributing to overall emission reductions.

Environmental Impact:

Since the automotive industry is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, impacting climate change, by prioritizing reduced emissions in manufacturing, the automotive industry can not only contribute to a sustainable future but also pave the way for cleaner, more efficient vehicles for consumers. Embracing these strategies requires continuous innovation, collaboration between industry players, and government support for research and development.

However, the benefits are clear:

A cleaner environment, potentially lower production costs through reduced energy consumption and waste, and a positive brand image that resonates with environmentally conscious consumers. One of the primary ways to reduce emissions in automotive manufacturing is through the adoption of energy-efficient practices and the use of renewable energy sources.

By optimizing energy consumption in production facilities, implementing energy-saving technologies, and transitioning to solar, wind, or hydroelectric power, manufacturers can significantly cut greenhouse gas emissions. Energy audits, retrofitting old equipment, and deploying smart energy management systems are among the strategies that contribute to improved energy efficiency and reduced carbon output.

• Reduced Emissions: Sustainable practices target energy efficiency throughout the production process. This lowers reliance on fossil fuels, leading to decreased greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Reducing Emissions in Automotive Manufacturing” underscores the critical importance of adopting comprehensive, innovative approaches to minimize the environmental impact of the automotive industry.

By embracing energy efficiency, modern manufacturing techniques, resource management, emission control technologies, and a culture of sustainability, manufacturers can significantly reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a greener future.

As the industry continues to evolve, these efforts will not only meet regulatory demands but also drive technological advancements and foster a more sustainable and resilient automotive sector.

• Material Efficiency:

Sustainable practices focus on minimizing waste and utilizing recycled materials in car parts. This reduces the environmental footprint associated with resource extraction and processing. Material Efficiency in Automotive Manufacturing” highlights the critical importance of optimizing material use to achieve both economic and environmental goals.

Through the adoption of lightweight materials, advanced manufacturing techniques, recycling and reuse programs, material substitution, and efficient supply chain management, the automotive industry can significantly reduce waste, lower costs, and enhance sustainability.

As manufacturers continue to innovate and embrace these strategies, material efficiency will play a pivotal role in driving the future of sustainable automotive manufacturing. In the automotive industry, material efficiency is paramount in achieving sustainability, reducing costs, and improving overall production processes.

“Material Efficiency in Automotive Manufacturing”

Delves into the strategies and innovations that optimize material use, minimize waste, and enhance the lifecycle of automotive components. Join us as we explore how the industry is transforming through smarter use of materials, leading to both economic and environmental benefits.

Material substitution involves replacing traditional materials with more efficient or sustainable alternatives. For example, using bio-based polymers instead of conventional plastics, or replacing certain metal components with composites, can lead to significant material savings and environmental benefits. By exploring and adopting alternative materials, manufacturers can improve the sustainability profile of their vehicles.

• Water Conservation: Water usage in manufacturing can be significant. Sustainable practices implement water-saving technologies and wastewater treatment, minimizing water consumption and pollution.

Water Conservation in Automotive Manufacturing” underscores the critical importance of sustainable water management practices in the industry. Through the adoption of water recycling and reuse systems, efficient water management, alternative water sources, and innovative treatment solutions, automotive manufacturers can significantly reduce their water consumption and environmental footprint.

As the industry continues to evolve, these water conservation strategies will play a vital role in promoting sustainability, protecting valuable water resources, and ensuring a resilient and responsible manufacturing process for the future. Advancements in water treatment technologies are enabling manufacturers to achieve higher levels of water purity and efficiency.

Solutions such as electro coagulation, advanced oxidation, and biological treatment processes can effectively remove contaminants and pollutants from wastewater, making it suitable for reuse.

By investing in these innovative technologies, manufacturers can enhance their water treatment capabilities and reduce their environmental impact. One of the most effective strategies for water conservation in automotive manufacturing is the implementation of water recycling and reuse systems. By treating and reusing water within the manufacturing process, companies can significantly reduce their freshwater consumption. Technologies such as membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation processes are employed to purify wastewater, making it suitable for reuse in cooling systems, paint booths, and other applications.

Cost Savings:

The automotive industry is making strides towards energy-efficient production. By adopting these strategies, car manufacturers can create a win-win situation for the environment, financial performance, and brand reputation. As technology advances and costs decrease, we can expect even more innovative and efficient approaches to energy use in car manufacturing.

Energy Efficiency in Automotive Manufacturing” highlights the pivotal role of energy-efficient practices in driving sustainability and operational excellence in the industry.

Through comprehensive energy audits, advanced manufacturing technologies, efficient lighting and HVAC systems, renewable energy integration, waste heat recovery, smart manufacturing, lean principles, employee engagement, and energy-efficient equipment, automotive manufacturers can significantly reduce their energy consumption and carbon footprint. As the industry continues to innovate and evolve, energy efficiency will remain a cornerstone of sustainable manufacturing, contributing to a greener, more resilient future for all.

• Energy Efficiency: Investing in energy-efficient technologies and processes lowers energy consumption, leading to significant cost savings on electricity bills. Energy consumption in car manufacturing is a major cost factor and environmental concern. Fortunately, the industry is embracing a shift towards energy-efficient practices, paving the way for a greener and more cost-effective future.

Implementing advanced manufacturing technologies plays a crucial role in enhancing energy efficiency. Techniques such as precision machining, robotics, and automation increase production accuracy and speed, reducing energy waste.

Additionally, additive manufacturing (3D printing) minimizes material waste and energy use by building components layer by layer, leading to more efficient production processes.

• Reduced Waste: Minimizing waste through material efficiency reduces the need for raw materials, translating to lower production costs. Additionally, recycling programs can further reduce resource acquisition costs.

Reduced Waste in Automotive Manufacturing” highlights the essential role of waste reduction in achieving sustainability and operational efficiency in the automotive industry.

Through the adoption of lean manufacturing principles, zero waste to landfill initiatives, material optimization, recycling and reuse programs, eco-friendly materials, waste segregation, energy recovery, water waste reduction, employee engagement, and lifecycle assessments, manufacturers can significantly minimize waste and promote a circular economy. As the industry continues to innovate and evolve, these waste reduction strategies will play a critical role in fostering a sustainable, resilient, and environmentally responsible future.

• Regulatory Compliance: Embracing sustainability helps meet environmental regulations, avoiding potential fines and penalties. Regulatory Compliance in Automotive Manufacturing” underscores the importance of adhering to a comprehensive array of regulations to ensure safety, quality, and environmental responsibility.

Through diligent compliance with environmental regulations, safety and quality standards, emissions and fuel economy requirements, material and chemical safety rules, trade regulations, data protection laws, and product liability norms, automotive manufacturers can mitigate risks, foster consumer trust, and drive sustainable growth. As the industry evolves, maintaining regulatory compliance will continue to be a critical pillar of successful and responsible automotive manufacturing.

Takeaway from this article:

As the automotive industry continues to innovate, the adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices will be essential for achieving a balance between economic growth and environmental stewardship. By integrating these practices into their core operations, manufacturers can drive positive change, ensuring a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable future for generations to come.

Despite these challenges, the long-term benefits outweigh the hurdles. As consumer demand for sustainable products grows and technology advances, the automotive industry is well-positioned to embrace sustainable manufacturing practices for a greener and more cost-effective future.In conclusion,

“Sustainable Manufacturing Practices in the Automotive Industry: Environmental Impact and Cost Savings” highlights the transformative potential of sustainable practices in shaping the future of automotive manufacturing. By embracing sustainability, the industry not only addresses critical environmental challenges but also unlocks significant economic benefits, driving a more sustainable and prosperous future for all. Challenges remain in terms of initial investment, supply chain integration, and consumer awareness.

However, the long-term benefits are undeniable. As technology advances and consumer demand for sustainable products grows, the automotive industry is well-positioned to embrace a greener and more cost-effective future.

Exclusive written for Automark Magazine, July 2024 and published in July-2024 printed/digital edition.
By Muhammad Rafique, Head of Production and Maintenance
Foton JW Auto Park (Pvt.) Limited

Dear Readers EVs are ideal for environmentally conscious consumers seeking cost-effective, sustainable transportation. The market favors compact electric SUVs and versatile city cars with long battery range and fast charging capabilities. Targeting urban dwellers and tech-savvy individuals can optimize EV adoption and sales.

Target Customers for Electric Vehicles (EVs)

1. Urban Commuters

Urban commuters represent a significant segment of potential EV customers. These individuals often travel short distances within city limits, making the typical range of EVs more than sufficient. They benefit from lower fuel costs and reduced emissions, both of which are increasingly important in densely populated urban areas. Moreover, urban areas often have more charging infrastructure in place compared to rural areas, alleviating range anxiety.

2. Environmentally Conscious Consumers

Consumers who prioritize sustainability and reducing their carbon footprint are ideal candidates for EVs. This group includes individuals who are concerned about climate change and are motivated to make eco-friendly choices. These consumers are typically well-informed about the environmental impact of their purchasing decisions and are willing to invest in technology that aligns with their values.

3. Tech Enthusiasts

Tech enthusiasts are early adopters of new technology and are likely to be attracted to the advanced features found in modern EVs. This group appreciates the innovative aspects of EVs, such as regenerative braking, advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), and over-the-air software updates. Their enthusiasm for technology makes them more open to the initial costs and the learning curve associated with new technology.

4. Fleet Operators

Businesses that operate vehicle fleets, such as delivery companies, ride-sharing services, and public transportation agencies, are increasingly turning to EVs. The lower operational costs, reduced maintenance, and benefits from government incentives make EVs an attractive option for these companies. Additionally, fleet operators often have the resources to install dedicated charging infrastructure, mitigating one of the primary barriers to EV adoption.

5. Government and Corporate Buyers

Government agencies and corporations are significant potential customers for EVs, driven by sustainability goals and regulatory requirements. Many governments are setting targets for electrifying their vehicle fleets to reduce emissions. Corporations are also increasingly committed to corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and can use EVs as part of their strategy to achieve sustainability goals.

6. High-Income Households

Households with higher disposable incomes are more likely to afford the higher upfront cost of EVs. These consumers can also invest in home charging infrastructure, which makes EV ownership more convenient. Additionally, high-income households are often more influenced by the premium features and brand prestige associated with certain EV models.

7. Young Professionals

Young professionals, particularly those in metropolitan areas, are a growing market for EVs. They tend to be environmentally conscious, tech-savvy, and open to new modes of transportation. This group values convenience and innovation and is likely to be attracted to the modern, sleek design and advanced features of EVs.

Market Trends and Ideal EV Models

1. Subcompact and Compact Cars

Market Trend: The urbanization trend is driving demand for smaller, more maneuverable vehicles that can navigate congested city streets and fit into tight parking spaces. Additionally, many cities are implementing low-emission zones that restrict the use of internal combustion engine vehicles, further boosting demand for compact EVs.

Ideal EV Model: A subcompact or compact EV with a range of around 150-200 miles per charge would cater well to urban commuters. Features such as fast charging capability, compact dimensions, and smart parking solutions (like automated parallel parking) would be particularly attractive.

2. Electric SUVs and Crossovers

Market Trend: The SUV and crossover segments continue to grow in popularity across many markets due to their versatility, higher seating position, and larger cargo space. Consumers are looking for family-friendly vehicles that do not compromise on sustainability.

Ideal EV Model: An electric SUV or crossover with a range of 250-300 miles per charge would meet the needs of families and individuals who require more space. This model should feature all-wheel drive options, ample cargo space, advanced safety features, and a robust infotainment system.

3. Luxury EVs

Market Trend: The luxury car segment is seeing a significant shift towards electrification, driven by advancements in battery technology and growing consumer interest in high-performance, eco-friendly vehicles. Luxury consumers are looking for top-tier performance, cutting-edge technology, and premium features.

Ideal EV Model: A luxury EV with a range of 300+ miles per charge, rapid acceleration, and a suite of advanced features (such as autonomous driving capabilities, premium interior materials, and high-end audio systems) would appeal to this market.

4. Electric Pickup Trucks

Market Trend: In regions where pickup trucks are popular, there is a growing interest in electric pickups due to their potential for high torque, which is beneficial for towing and off-road capabilities. Additionally, commercial and individual users are becoming more aware of the cost savings associated with EVs.

Ideal EV Model: An electric pickup truck with a range of 300+ miles per charge, high towing capacity, rugged design, and features geared towards outdoor and work activities (like power outlets for tools) would be ideal.

5. Affordable Entry-Level EVs

Market Trend: As EV technology matures and economies of scale are achieved, the cost of producing EVs is decreasing, making them more accessible to a broader audience. There is a growing demand for affordable EVs that provide a cost-effective alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles.

Ideal EV Model: An entry-level EV with a range of around 150-200 miles per charge, priced competitively to attract budget-conscious consumers, would be highly effective. This model should focus on essential features, reliability, and ease of use.

6. Electric Commercial Vans

Market Trend: The rise of e-commerce and the demand for last-mile delivery solutions are driving interest in electric commercial vans. These vehicles offer lower operating costs, reduced emissions, and can be tailored to meet the specific needs of delivery services.

Ideal EV Model: An electric commercial van with a range of 150-200 miles per charge, large cargo capacity, and customizable interiors to suit different business needs would be highly attractive.

7. Electric Bicycles and Scooters

Market Trend: Micro-mobility solutions like electric bicycles and scooters are gaining popularity, particularly in urban areas where traffic congestion and parking are significant issues. These vehicles offer a convenient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly mode of transportation for short trips.

Ideal EV Model: Electric bicycles and scooters with ranges of 20-50 miles per charge, lightweight design, and features such as app connectivity for tracking and security would appeal to urban dwellers. Companies like Lime and Bird are already capitalizing on this trend.

8. Autonomous Electric Vehicles

Market Trend: The development of autonomous driving technology is progressing rapidly, with significant investments from both tech companies and traditional automakers. Autonomous EVs are seen as the future of personal and shared transportation.

Ideal EV Model: An autonomous EV designed for ride-sharing or ride-hailing services, with a range of 300+ miles per charge, advanced safety features, and a user-friendly interface for passengers would be ideal.

Conclusion

The EV market is diverse, with different segments showing varying levels of growth and potential. Urban commuters, environmentally conscious consumers, tech enthusiasts, fleet operators, government and corporate buyers, high-income households, and young professionals all represent key target customer groups. Based on current market trends, launching subcompact and compact cars, electric SUVs and crossovers, luxury EVs, electric pickup trucks, affordable entry-level EVs, electric commercial vans, electric bicycles and scooters, and autonomous electric vehicles would cater to the needs of these groups and help capture a significant share of the growing EV market.

Strategically targeting these segments with appropriately designed EV models will ensure that manufacturers can meet the diverse needs and preferences of modern consumers while contributing to a more sustainable future.

This exclusive article has been published in Automark Magazine’s July-2024 printed/digital edition.

Globally, energy is regarded as one of the core elements of social well-being and inessential component of sustainable development. Balanced energy supply and demand are vital considerations for any country when it comes to providing clean, sustainable and affordable energy to consumers. For decades, Pakistan’s primary energy supply a mix has remained dominated by indigenous and imported fossils fuels. More than three fourth portion of the overall energy mix consist of gas and oil to meet energy demand.

The energy sector contributes almost 73% of global greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the crucial need for a shift to cleaner and renewable energy sources for achieving net zero and a sustainable global future. Worldwide Road transportation accounted for 37% of all energy-related carbon dioxide emissions due to heavy reliance on petroleum-based fuels, making it the biggest cause of global warming. Comprehensive energy demand for petroleum will continue to expand and peak in the mid-2030s as energy consumption in the road sector is expected to increase by 1.26%, with a 1% growth in urbanization mostly taking place in Southeast Asia.

There has been a noticeable increase in the acceptance and use of electric vehicles (EVs) internationally and specially in Pakistan due to the rapid efforts made by government to encourage environmentally friendly vehicles in the transport sector, The government of Pakistan approved an ambitious National Electric Vehicles Policy (NEVP) in 2019 with the goal of electric vehicles comprising 30 percent of all passenger vehicle and heavy-duty truck sales by 2030 and an even more ambitious target of 90 percent by 2040 particularly through the electrification of vehicles to reduce GHG emissions.

Challenges& Barriers:

Public worries concerning the end-of-life management of EV batteries have grown with their rising popularity. Batteries eventually need to be disposed of or recycled because they normally only have an 8-year lifespan. The possibility of reusing the batteries for various applications (i.e. energy storage systems) has attracted attention and important metals can also be recovered when recycling the battery’s components, lessening the negative effects on the environment.

For disposal, appropriate safety measures must be taken to manage the batteries safely. Another issue is the electrical grid’s capacity to support the increasing demand for power and the availability of public charging networks. According to the study, there will be a huge increase in EVs on the road. Southeast Asia will face difficulties because of its poorly developed electric supply infrastructure. To preserve stability, it is crucial to enhance and extend distribution infrastructure, increase energy efficiency and integrate renewable energy sources into the grid, as well as prioritize sustainability, resiliency, equity, reliability and security when improving the electric power system.

The investment and construction of charging infrastructure networks are also big hurdles to meet demand for expansion in the use of EVs in Asia and the Pacific over the next few years. Another pertinent issue is the source of electricity for charging EV batteries, which has implications for carbon emissions. If the electricity does not come from renewable or clean sources, it could lead to a mere shift in emissions and not contribute to reducing total carbon emissions.  

Due to the global effort to increase EVs, the demand for raw materials for rechargeable batteries is anticipated to increase, resulting in a shortage of resources and crucial metals like cobalt, lithium, nickel, manganese and graphite are essential minerals needed for EV batteries, and the demand for EVs is growing, resulting in pressure on the world’s lithium resources. Researchers have discovered that the demand for essential metals such as manganese, nickel, cobalt, and lithium could rise between 1,099% and 7,513% by the year 2050 compared to the demand in 2020.

The way forward

To create a sustainable transportation system, it is important to consider the direct impacts of different modes of transportation and the un-intended consequences of shifting toward more sustainable options. A combination of policies, technological advancements and social shifts will be needed to achieve sustainable transportation through a holistic approach that considers the entire transportation system, including infrastructure, energy sources and behavioral changes. This will require joint efforts from governments, academic institutions, industries and individuals. Comprehensive collaboration across various sectors to ensure a sustainable future and achieve the goal of sustainable transportation will require meaningful and practical measures that include the following:

Integrated Urban Planning: Cities should adopt integrated urban planning strategies that prioritize public transportation, pedestrian-friendly infrastructure and mixed-use development to reduce reliance on individual car ownership and encourage sustainable modes of transportation.

Expansion of Public Transit: Governments should invest in expanding and improving public transit systems, including bus rapid transit networks, light rail, and subway systems, to provide affordable and accessible alternatives to private vehicles owners.

Electrification of Fleets: Beyond passenger vehicles, electrifying commercial fleets, such as buses, delivery trucks and taxis, can significantly reduce emissions and improve air quality in urban areas.

Renewable Sources of Energy: To ensure that efforts are actually green and contribute to net zero, the energy used in transportation, including charging, should come from clean and renewable sources.

Smart Grid Technologies: Investing in innovative grid technologies and energy storage solutions can enhance the stability and reliability of the electrical grid, accommodating the increased demand for electricity from EV charging stations while maximizing the integration of renewable energy sources.

Innovative Financing Mechanisms: Governments should explore innovative financing mechanisms, such as congestion pricing, carbon pricing and tax incentives, to incentivize sustainable transportation choices and fund investments in infrastructure and technology.

EVs hold Momentous Promise in Instrumental Effects on Environment Top of Form

• Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, which can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially when powered by renewable energy sources like solar or wind. This can help combat climate change and improve air quality in urban areas.
• Energy Efficiency: EVs are generally more energy-efficient than internal combustion engine vehicles. They convert a higher percentage of the energy from their batteries into power to move the vehicle, resulting in less energy waste and reduced overall energy consumption.
• Decreased Dependency on Fossil Fuels: By transitioning from gasoline and diesel vehicles to electric ones, societies can decrease their dependency on fossil fuels. This reduces the environmental impact of extracting, refining, and burning these fuels, as well as the geopolitical tensions associated with their sourcing.
• Technological Advancements: The growth of EVs industry has stimulated technological advancements in battery storage and renewable energy integration.
• Improvements in Infrastructure: The adoption of EVs has led to investments in charging infrastructure, which can also support renewable energy integration and grid stability. Additionally, smart charging technologies can optimize charging times to reduce strain on the grid during peak demand periods.

While electric vehicles offer many benefits for a sustainable future, challenges remain, such as the environmental impact of battery production, the need for further infrastructure development and addressing issues related to resource availability and recycling. However, with ongoing innovation, policy support, and collaborative efforts across industries, electric vehicles can certainly lead the way towards a more sustainable transportation system.

This exclusive article has been published in Automark Magazine’s July-2025 printed/digital edition.

The future of mobility depends not just on technological advancements, but also on our ability to adapt and prepare for the unexpected. By embracing creativity and foresight, we can pave the way for a world where EVs are not only a green alternative but a dependable choice in every situation.

In a rapidly evolving world where electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly prevalent, ensuring their reliable operation during emergencies and in remote locations presents unique challenges.

Electric Vehicle (EV) charging during emergencies involves ensuring that EVs can be recharged quickly, reliably, and safely, even under adverse conditions.

Here, we explore innovative and creative solutions to address EV charging needs in such scenarios.

Emergency Situations for EV Charging:

• Far Areas: Rural or less developed regions may lack sufficient charging infrastructure, making it challenging for EV owners to find charging stations.
• Hill Stations: Elevated and often isolated locations where installing and maintaining charging infrastructure can be difficult.
• Offshore Locations: Islands and coastal areas with limited access to the mainland power grid may face significant challenges in supporting EV charging infrastructure.
• Natural Disasters: Hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and wildfires can disrupt the power grid and create significant challenges for EV charging.
• Power Outages: Blackouts, brownouts, or other disruptions in the electrical supply can hinder the ability to charge EVs.
• Accidents and Roadside Breakdowns: EVs can run out of charge unexpectedly, requiring immediate assistance.

Charging Solutions in Emergency Situations:

1. Portable Chargers (Flexible lifeline)

• Advantages:
  • Easy to Transport: Portable chargers can be easily carried in the trunk of an EV or by emergency response teams.
  • Standard Outlets: They can be used with standard electrical outlets found in homes, offices, and many other locations.
• Types:
  • Level 1 (120V): Suitable for overnight charging or when extended charging time is available. Provides approximately 3-5 miles of range per hour.
  • Level 2 (240V): Faster charging suitable for short stops, providing approximately 10-20 miles of range per hour.
• Limitations:
  • Outlet Dependency: Requires access to a functioning electrical outlet, which may not be available in remote or disaster-struck areas.
  • Slower Charging: Level 1 chargers are particularly slow, making them less ideal for urgent situations.

2. Mobile Charging Units (Power on wheels)

• Functionality:
  • High-Capacity Batteries/Generators:Vehicles of trailers equipped with substantial battery banks or generators to provide emergency charging.
• Capabilities:
  • DC Fast Charging: Often supports DC fast charging (up to 50-100 kW), allowing for quick replenishment of EV batteries.
• Use Cases:
  • Roadside Assistance: Deployed by roadside assistance services to aid stranded EVs.
  • Emergency Response: Used by emergency teams during natural disasters to provide immediate charging.
  • Remote Events: Useful during events in remote areas where traditional charging infrastructure is unavailable.

3. Renewable Energy Solutions (Harnessing Nature’s Power)

• Solar-Powered Chargers:
  • Description: Deployable solar panels that generate electricity for EV charging.
  • Advantages: Sustainable and particularly useful in sunny regions.
  • Limitations: Dependent on weather and daylight conditions.
• Wind-Powered Chargers:
  • Description: Portable wind turbines that generate electricity.
  • Advantages: Suitable for windy locations.
  • Limitations: Dependent on wind conditions and less portable than solar panels.
• Hybrid Systems:
  • Description: Systems combining solar, wind, and battery storage to provide continuous power.
  • Advantages: Ensures power availability regardless of weather conditions.
  • Applications: Ideal for remote and off-grid locations.

4. Battery Swapping Stations (The quick switch)

• Description:
  • Function: Facilities where EVs can exchange their depleted batteries for fully charged ones.
• Advantages:
  • Quick Turnaround: Allows for rapid battery exchange, minimizing downtime.
• Challenges:
  • Standardization: Requires standardized battery designs across different EV models.
  • Infrastructure Investment: Significant investment is needed for setting up swapping stations and maintaining battery inventory.

5. Pre-installed and Resilient Charging Networks (Building for the future)

• Strategic Placement:
  • Evacuation Routes: Installing charging stations along major evacuation routes to ensure access during emergencies.

Disaster-Prone Areas: Focusing on regions with a high risk of

• natural disasters to provide reliable charging options.
• Grid Resilience Enhancements:
  • Upgrades: Strengthening the power grid to withstand and quickly recover from disasters, ensuring continuous power supply to charging stations.
• Microgrids and Energy Storage:
  • Microgrids: Localized grids that can operate independently from the main grid during outages.
  • Energy Storage: Utilizing battery storage systems to provide backup power to charging stations during grid failures.
  • Renewable Integration: Incorporating renewable energy sources like solar and wind to ensure sustainability and reduce dependency on the main grid.

CONCLUSION:

Creative solutions for EV charging in emergency situations not only enhance the reliability and convenience of electric vehicles but also promote sustainability and resilience. From portable chargers and mobile units to renewable energy and battery swapping, these creative approaches ensure that EVs remain a viable and practical choice, even in the most demanding scenarios. By investing in these technologies and infrastructure, we pave the way for a greener and more resilient future.

Economic Overview

Brazil, the largest country in South America, is home to 215 million people with a real GDP per capita of USD 8,917. As a large federal country, Brazil is comprised of the union (federal government), 26 states (plus the Federal District), and over 5,500 municipalities. Despite its diversity and economic potential, racial and gender discrimination persist as systemic barriers, limiting opportunities for many individuals and families to break the inter-generational cycle of poverty.

Auto Parts Aftermarket in Brazil

The Brazilian automotive aftermarket is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing average age of vehicles and the rising number of cars on the road. As vehicles age, the demand for replacement parts naturally increases, providing a boost to the aftermarket sector. Vehicles older than ten years are particularly prone to parts failure, creating significant demand for filters, brake parts, clutch parts, tires, batteries, and more.

Key Insights into the Auto Parts Aftermarket

Market Size and Growth

The Brazil Used Car Market size is estimated at USD 151.72 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 197.75 billion by 2029, growing at a CAGR of over 4% during the forecast period (2024-2029). This growth underscores the robust demand for auto parts and accessories needed to maintain and service an aging vehicle fleet.

Key Economic Indicators

Population: 215.3 million

GDP Annual Growth: 2.9%

GDP Per Capita: USD 8,917.67

Inflation Rate (2022): 9.8%

Interest Rate: 10.5%

Government Debt to GDP Ratio: 72.87%

Exchange Rate: 1 USD = 5.14 Brazilian Real

Import Tariffs: 10% to 35%

Transportation

By Air: The quickest way to get from Pakistan to Brazil by plane takes about 23 hours 42 minutes, departing from Jinnah International Airport (KHI) and arriving at Guarulhos – Governador André Franco Montoro International Airport (GRU).

By Sea: Shipping from Pakistan to Brazil takes about 34 days 11 hours, departing from Karachi Port (PKKHI) and arriving at Rio de Janeiro (BRRIO), with vessels departing 2-4 times a week.

Key Events in Brazil’s Auto Parts Sector for 2024~2025

Upcoming Exhibitions

• Expo Peças 2024
• Date: September 5-7, 2024
• Details: Automobile, car accessories, automobile engineering, trucks, cars, automation industry, automotive.
• Location: Centro de Convenções de Goiânia, Goiânia, Brazil
• Website:Expo Peças

• Agrishow 2025
• Date: April 28 – May 2, 2025
• Details: The biggest and most important agricultural technology trade show in Brazil, and one of the largest in the world.
• Location:Recinto de ExposiçõesAgriShow, Ribeirão Preto – SP, Brazil
• Website:Agrishow

• SalãoDuasRodas 2025
• Date: October 2025 (Exact date TBA)
• Details: The main motorcycle trade show for Latin America, featuring test rides, off-roading, urban mobility, lifestyle arena, oval track, customization arena, and more.
• Location: São Paulo Expo Exhibition & Convention Center, São Paulo, Brazil

For businesses looking to enter or expand in the Brazilian auto parts aftermarket, these exhibitions provide excellent opportunities to network, showcase products.

List of products at 6 digits level imported by Brazil in 2022

detailed products in the following category: 8708 Parts and accessories for tractors, motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, …

Sources: ITC calculations based on Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior statistics.

Mashood Khan
Director – Mehran Commercial Enterprises
Expert Auto Sector / Former Chairman PAAPAM

This article has been published in Automark Magazine’s July-2024 printed edition.

Kia said it plans to first introduce the EV3 in South Korea in July 2024, followed by launches in Europe and other parts of the world. Prices are expected to be between $35,000 to $50,000, with the South Korean carmaker looking to sell 200,000 units in its first year.

The Kia EV9 battery-electric crossover made huge waves as the South Korean automaker’s flagship electric vehicle (EV).

The large sport-utility vehicle made boxy cars cool again, especially with the company’s distinctive “Tiger nose” grill and futuristic styling cues. But for those who need less bulk, the EV9’s little brother made its global debut recently.

Kia president and CEO Ho Sung Song formally introduced the Kia EV3 at an online press conference. This all-new model aims to take on the highly competitive compact crossover market, all while sporting the performance and advanced technology we have all come to expect from EVs.

Kia executive vice president Karim Habib, who is also the brand’s design chief, said the EV3 was designed using the curiously named “Opposites United” philosophy that combines a wide range of natural and modern styling cues to produce a truly distinctive and cohesive whole.

Put another way, the EV3 takes heavily after its larger sibling, starting with the familiar “Tiger Face” flanked by vertically arranged LED headlights and intricate LED daytime running lights.

Much like the EV9, the all-new EV3 gets a commodious cabin that incorporates the latest in-car entertainment technology.

The dashboard is dominated by the sleek widescreen display – including a 12.3-inch cluster, a 5-inch air-conditioning panel, and another 12.3-inch AVN display – that incorporates seamless touch operation of the EV3’s various functions. The screen also extends to the center of the dashboard, giving the front-seat passenger access to entertainment and navigation features.

Adding to the upscale interior experience are the various streamable content through Kia’s Premium Streaming service, delivered via LG’s Automotive Content Platform powered by webOS. Kia also offers arcade games, allowing occupants to enjoy in-car gaming.

The immersive experience is further enhanced by the sound quality of the EV3’s Harman Kardon audio system, which Kia claims delivers an experience akin to a home cinema.

The EV3 rides on the company’s Electric Global Modular Platform and is available in two variants.

One is the Standard model with a 58.3-kWh battery pack, while the Long Range model gets an 81.4-kWh battery. The latter allows for a maximum WLTP range of 600 kilometers on a single full charge, with Kia’s advanced Vehicle Charging Management System enabling the battery to charge from 10 to 80 percent in approximately 31 minutes.

Both models get an electric motor that sends 201 horsepower and 283 Newton-meters of torque through the front wheels. Kia claims a 0 to 100 km/h time of 7.5 seconds and a maximum speed of 170 km/h.

The EV3 is the first EV model to feature Kia’s A.I. Assistant technology, which had recently made its debut on the Kia K4 compact sedan.

In addition, the EV3 is the first model to benefit from Kia’s new i-Pedal 3.0. This allows the driver to adjust the level of regenerative braking according to their preference, enabling less taxing one-pedal driving.

And you can also use your EV3 as a giant power bank because it is the first compact EV SUV with Vehicle-to-Load (V2L) charging. It can power external devices like laptops, small refrigerators, coffee machines and hairdryers.

The Covid-19 pandemic took the world by storm soon after its first reported case in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The study of this novel’s economic impacts has been coined with the term “coronomics”. The outbreak was accompanied by “loss in stock markets, loss in travelling and shipping industry, the burden on interest rates and consumer isolation.” (Khan, 2020). China is a major producer of automobile parts, including those assembled and sold most widely in Pakistan. Thus, due to supply chain disruptions caused by global lockdowns, the industry sank into exponential loss following the rise of the pandemic.

Additionally, due to the failure to repay sales tax proceeds, the manufacturing industry faced a drastic liquidity shortage. When demand began to rise in the markets after the lockdown was lifted, the production sites found themselves unable to meet the sudden surge. Thus, production losses also began to occur. However, perhaps most importantly, during COVID-19, the “Pakistani rupee [devalued] against [the] US dollar”, and “additional custom duties [were imposed]” on automobiles, thus hindering growth and lowering profit margins within the industry (Mufti, 2022).  At the same time, the burden of severe inflation and rising oil and gas prices also led to a market shift away from the purchase of automobiles.

Moreover, the first wave of this virus was accompanied by disastrous economic effects as “unemployment rose by 34.1% while mean income fell by 42%” (Arab News, 2021). These factors added to the growing shift in consumer tastes away from automotive purchases. Lastly, the pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in the demand for electronics, a significant component of which is semiconductor chips. Supply chain issues and the inability to cope with the sudden surge led to semiconductor shortages. Since safety systems within cars, including airbag deployment, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), and stability control, depend on this commodity, the effects on the automotive industry are drastic.

Considering these factors, we must reflect on the leadership decisions made as pandemic restrictions were eased to strategize for the future. More employees began to work from home, and thousands had to be let go to ensure factories were not overcrowded and to minimise costs as little to no revenue was being generated. “For supply chain resilience, the firms increased the inventory turnover ratio and recruited local firms as suppliers to prevent the supply shortage” (Kaeo-Tad, 2021). Companies also began to invest in new technologies and digitalisation of work to at least a partial extent. Many believe that COVID-19 “accelerated trends that were already in motion, ranging from increased automation to supply chain assessments to workplace and workforce changes.” (Moutray, C., 2020) Therefore, a ‘new normal’ for the automotive industry came with team structure and working methods changes. Self-contained teams are perhaps the most distinct difference in organisational structure; they have clearly defined tasks and are as different from each other as possible. Although they may be fruitful in the future, their short-term effects risk reducing company output and agility. Therefore, to adjust to this new landscape and recover from the financial onslaught that the virus brought, “firms will need to think strategically about where they source their products” (Moutray, C., 2020). Thus, there must be more domestic production and accelerated use of new technologies. Lastly, companies must use this opportunity to “train employees by upskilling, reskilling and providing new skills” (Kaeo-Tad, 2021). It is crucial to continue using the widespread automation of managerial tasks and upgraded telecommunication that became common during the pandemic. These resources will aid reasoning policy responses and help “prepare for potential disruptive events in the future” (Kaeo-Tad, 2021).

The key to surviving these disruptions is through leadership, experience, and technology. This entails “putting business continuity plans and risk management plans into action”(Moutray, C., 2020). Risk management plans entail ensuring “supply chain viability during long-term crises” (Moutray, C., 2020).  This can be done using “a combination of repurposing, intertwining, scalability, and substitution. The proposed conceptual framework consists of three constructs, namely adapting supply chains and operations, rethinking sourcing strategy, and building intertwined supply networks, as well as five viability capabilities, including adaptability, agility, flexibility, collaboration, and visibility.” Supply chain managers can use the framework “as a guidance for creating supply chain viability using adaptation-based principles.” (Chervenkova, T. and Ivanov, D., 2023) One may take the example of the American automobile manufacturer – Ford. Following the spread of the coronavirus, Ford made use of a hybrid adaptation strategy, allowing it to repurpose its resources and integrate with other supply chains at the ecosystem level. Additionally, one may also look at Tesla’s supply chain model. Their in-house manufacturing of spare parts, including battery packs and electric engines, sets them apart from other automotive manufacturers who outsourced the production of such components before the pandemic. This allowed Tesla to have direct control over their production and avoid possible delivery problems in their supply chain network while the rest of the industry was in shambles. Thus, to avoid future problems in supply chain processes, it is imperative that Pakistan’s automotive manufacturers adapt to redesigning the infrastructure by encouraging in-house production of individual parts and using advanced digital technologies. This would also ease the burden on the country’s economy and help ease inflation by virtue of reduced imports.

According to the Pakistan Association of Parts and Accessories Manufacturers (PAPAAM), “car prices have inched up by 149% in last five years … whereas car parts prices have seen a jump of 33% to 112%” (Faruq, O. 2023) This rise in prices is a direct result of increased taxes and customs duties. By producing and sourcing raw materials locally, the costs of inputs would decrease significantly. This would, in turn, reflect on the final price, leading to increased demand. On the other hand, while the pandemic did escalate the turmoil that the automotive industry is in, the state of the economy has also affected the industry significantly. Both of the price hike factors discussed above are a result of general economic instability in the nation. The pandemic significantly escalated the effects of political instability and energy insecurity on the automotive industry. Therefore, to bounce back from the financial onslaught, the government must take steps to stabilise the economy. This includes deregulating the energy sector, decreasing dependence on foreign debt, and curtailing widespread corruption (Roberts, J.M. and Sattar, H., 2015). Perhaps the most important of these steps is that pertaining to reliance on foreign funding. The government must reduce its spending and focus on increasing revenues through taxation. This can be done by “broadening the tax base…bringing the informal business sector into the tax system, … [and decreasing] tax evasion through tougher law enforcement” (Roberts, J.M. and Sattar, H., 2015). Expansion of the tax base would lead to leniency in hefty taxes placed on the sale of automobiles. Thus increasing demand with lower prices. Lastly, the deregulation of the distribution of power generation would lead to more predictable electricity rates. Currently, firms depend on alternative sources to meet electricity requirements as government supplies are often unreliable. Therefore, deregulation would reduce raw costs for the industry – making production less costly and encouraging customers to purchase. 

In conclusion, in order to troubleshoot the effects of the novel coronavirus on the automotive industry one must seek risk management, adaptive and business continuity plans. This may entail locally producing and sourcing of raw materials and easily adapting to changes in market conditions. However, firms must also assess the economic landscape in order to combat heavy taxation and customs fees. Although adaptation is possible though the supply chain management plans detailed above, it may prove to be infeasible due to deep rooted corruption within the government

References

Arab News PK. (2021a). Pakistan unemployment rose 34.1%, mean income fell 42% during COVID-19 first wave — study. [online] Available at: https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1837961/pakistan.

Chervenkova, T. and Ivanov, D., 2023. Adaptation strategies for building supply chain viability: A case study analysis of the global automotive industry re-purposing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 177, p.103249.

Kaeo-Tad, N., Jeenanunta, C., Chumnumporn, K., Nitisahakul, T. and Sanprasert, V., 2021. Resilient manufacturing: Case studies in Thai automotive industries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Engineering Management in Production and Services, 13(3), pp.99-113.

Khan, M.F., Ali, S. and Aftab, N., 2020. The coronomics and world economy: Impacts on Pakistan. Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2.

Faruq, O. (2023). True Story Behind the Car Price Hikes in Pakistan. [online] PakWheels Blog. Available at: https://www.pakwheels.com/blog/true-story-behind-the-car-price-hikes-in-pakistan/ [Accessed 17 May 2024].

Moutray, C., (2020). In recovery mode: Manufacturers try to bounce back after COVID-19 disruptions. Business Economics, 55, pp.240–252.

Mufti, A. (2022). A Framework for Sustainable Recovery from Pandemic and Its Policy Implication in Pakistan. SSRN Electronic Journal. Doi:https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4155947.

Roberts, J.M. and Sattar, H., 2015. Pakistan’s Economic Disarray and how to Fix it. Heritage Foundation.

This exclusive research article has been published in Automark Magazine’s June-2024 printed edition too.